Nervilia bicarinata (Blume) Schltr.

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Photo: Bart Wursten
Khodzue River Gorge

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Synonyms:	Nervilia umbrosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Pogonia bicarinata Blume Pogonia umbrosa (Rchb. f.) Schltr.
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Status:	Native
Description:	Erect terrestrial herb 17–75 cm tall, hairless except for lip and subterranean parts. Tuber subspherical or ovoid, 1–4.7 cm wide, 3–7-noded. Leaf solitary, appearing after flowering, held horizontally well above ground, very large, up to 22.5 cm long and 26.5 cm wide, orbicular, deeply cordate at base, hairless, 10–30-veined, heavily pleated; petiole 5–26 cm long. Inflorescence laxly up to 12-flowered, with 2–5 sheathing cataphylls. Flowers evenly spaced, 2–4 cm apart. Sepals and petals subequal, lanceolate, greenish; lateral sepals slightly oblique, 17–31 mm; petals slightly shorter than sepals.Lip ovate, 20–31 mm long, greenish-white with purple or green veins, obscurely 3-lobed, with 2 fleshy pubescent ridges; side lobes short, oblong to shortly triangular, enclosing the column; mid-lobe triangular to ovate, recurved. Capsule c. 13 mm long.
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Worldwide distribution:	Widespread but sporadic in Africa, Comoros, Mascarene Islands, Madagascar, Oman and Yemen.
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Spot characters:	Display spot characters for this species
Literature:	Fibeck, W. & Dare, M. (1993). Terrestrial Orchids in Zimbabwe. Excelsa 16 Page 69. Fischer, E., Killmann, D., Delepierre, G. & Lebel, J-P. (2010). The Orchids of Rwanda Koblenz Geographical Colloquia Series Biogeographical Monographs 2 Pages 290 - 291. (Includes a picture). Grosvenor, R.K. (1976). A list of orchids indigenous in Rhodesia. Excelsa 6 Page 84. As Nervilia umbrosa Johnson, S., Bytebier, B, & Stärker H. (2015). Orchids of South Africa, a Field Guide Struik Nature, Cape Town South Africa Page 402. (Includes a picture). La Croix, I. & Cribb, P.J. (1995). Orchidaceae (Part 1) Flora Zambesiaca 11(1) Pages 259 - 260. (Includes a picture). La Croix, I. et al. (1991). Orchids of Malawi A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Page 168. (Includes a picture). Linder, H.P. & Kurzweil, H. (1999). Orchids of Southern Africa A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands ISBN 90-5410-445-7 Page 356. Mapaura, A. & Timberlake, J. (eds) (2004). A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 Sabonet, Pretoria and Harare Page 97. McMurtry, D., Grobler, L., Grobler, J. & Burns, S. (2008). Field Guide to the ORCHIDS of Northern South Africa and Swaziland Umdaus Press, PO Box 11059 Hatfield 0028 South Africa Pages 296 - 297. (Includes a picture). Petterson, B. (1990). Nordic Journal of Botany 9 Pages 487 - 489. Phiri, P.S.M. (2005). A Checklist of Zambian Vascular Plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32 Page 123. Stewart, J. & Campbell, B. (1996). Orchids of Kenya Timber Press Inc, Portland Oregon, USA ISBN0-88192-357-5 Page 147. Williamson, G. (1977). The Orchids of South Central Africa J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., London. Pages 144 - 145. As Nervilia umbrosa (Includes a picture).

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Flora of Burundi: Nervilia bicarinata
Flora of the DRC: Nervilia bicarinata
Flora of Malawi: Nervilia bicarinata
Flora of Mozambique: Nervilia bicarinata
Flora of Zambia: Nervilia bicarinata
Flora of Zimbabwe: Nervilia bicarinata

External websites:

African Plants: A Photo Guide (Senckenberg): Nervilia bicarinata
African Plant Database: Nervilia bicarinata
BHL (Biodiversity Heritage Library): Nervilia bicarinata
EOL (Encyclopedia of Life): Nervilia bicarinata
GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility): Nervilia bicarinata
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iNaturalist: Nervilia bicarinata
IPNI (International Plant Names Index): Nervilia bicarinata
JSTOR Plant Science: Nervilia bicarinata
Mansfeld World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: Nervilia bicarinata
Plants of the World Online: Nervilia bicarinata
Tropicos: Nervilia bicarinata
Wikipedia: Nervilia bicarinata