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Beentje, H.J. & Ghazanfar, S.A. (eds.) (2005) Compositae (Part 3) Flora of Tropical East Africa
Tadesse, M. (1993) An Account of Bidens (Compositae: Heliantheae) for Africa Kew Bulletin 48(3) 437-516
Wild, H. (1967) The Compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. 1. Heliantheae. Kirkia 6(1) 1-62
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, divided or compound, namely 2-3-pinnatisect, 3-foliolate or pinnate. Leaflets or lobes varying from linear to broadly ovate. Capitula usually radiate. Phyllaries in 2 series; outer herbaceous, inner usually scarious. Receptacular scales present. Ray florets neuter, sometimes 0; disk florets bisexual. Rays yellow, orange, golden, white or 0. Achenes bilaterally flattened or 3-4(-5)-angled, linear to broadly obovate; margin often thickened or winged. Pappus of 0-5 barbed (forwardly or backwardly) bristles. Worldwide: 340 species, cosmopolitan, most in the New World but 63 species in Africa. Rwanda: 1 taxon. |
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